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Numerous other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or highly regarded people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has achieved some credibility as a faith in numerous countries, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 check my reference years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in a web survey run by the governmental transition group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive methods in resolving those it views as attempting to suppress them, understood as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper known to have been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb threats in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began get more prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.